Introduction into Political Sciences

Introduction into Political Sciences by Joseph Marko Lecture, Fall term 07/08 Political Sciences Political Theory • Areas - Political Theories and History of Ideas - Comparative Government and Politics - International Relations • Approaches - Normative - ontological - Empirical - analytical - De-constructive - neo-institutional Marko Political Sciences • Methods: Qualitative, Quantitative, Comparative - Historic and institutional studies - Behavioural analyses - Rational choice theory - Discourse analyses • History - Philosophy: Aristotle, Plato Rawls, Habermas - Sociology: Durkheim, Weber Parsons, Luhmann - Economy: Schumpeter, Downs Marko Political Sciences • Normative - ontological approach - The „essence“ of democracy, people, nation -- Ethno-nationalism and primordial theories • Empirical-analytical approach - H. Laski: Who does what, how and why ? -- Behaviourism -- Functionalism -- Systems theory Marko Political Sciences David Easton‘s Model Economic Subsystem Oligarchy Political Subsystem Autonomy Parties Interests Organisations Media Feed back Cultural Subsystem IN-PUT OUT-PUT aggregate represent articulate Values Interest s Efficiency Coercion Society Marko Political Sciences • Ideologies - Anarchism - Christian social thought - Communism/ Socialism: New Left - Conservatism - Fascism/ Nazism: New Right - Liberalism: Communitarianism - Nationalism: Ethno-nationalism - Multi-culturalism - Racism - Religious Fundamentalism Marko Political Ideologies COMMUNISM Class Working class Soviet Democracy: Dicatorship of the Proletariat Monopoly of CP LIBERALISM Individual Bourgeoisie Parliamentary Democracy Human Rights Separation of Powers Separation of State-Economy: Market Economy CONSERVATISM Family Aristocracy/ Clerics Constitutional Monarchy FASCISM Race Volksgemeinschaft Authoritarian/ Totalitarian Regime Leadership Principle War Economy Identity of StateEconomy Central Planning Economy Agr.Collectivisation Atheism State Intervention: Ecological and Social Market Economy Coalition of Throne and Altar Separation of State-Church Atheism Marko Political Ideologies II Relationship: Individuals - Groups Lib. Comm. CSL Cons. Coll Priority of the Individual Priority of the Group Freedom Freedom & Equality Solidarity Strict Accomodation of Personalism Individiualism: Individ. Interests Power, and Collective Interests Goals Billboard Institutions Subsidiarity Model of Society Contract Tradition Family Corporation Church State Nation Collectivity Leader One Party Monopoly of Power Imperialism Subjection Marko Political Sciences • Key concepts - Models of integration: -- State Political system Politics -- Government Governance -- Power: Sovereignty, Legitimacy -- Democracy: • Liberal - social • Formal - substantive • Equality - Difference -- Civic culture: Parochial - Participatory Marko Political Sciences • Key Concepts - Models of Conflict -- Revolution, Reform, Transition -- Class conflict -- Elite Theories -- Pluralism Marko Political Sciences • Levels - National: Centralisation - Decentralisation/ Devolution - Sub-national: Federalism, Regionalism, Local self-gvt. - Transnational: CBC - Meta-national: Regional cooperation of states: CoE, NAFTA - Supra-national: Delegation of powers to newly formed institutions with autonomous decision-making power - International: IOs, inter-governmental cooperation - Global: TNCs, inter-dependence, competition, de-regulation - Utopia: World economy World state ? Marko Political Sciences Comparative Government • Forms of Government - Aristotle‘s scheme of classification - Autocratic - democratic regimes - Weak/ failed states: State and nation-building - good governance Based on comparison of constitutions and institutions • Comparative Politics - Parties, interest organisations (Neo-Corporatism) - Civil society, political culture Actors and process oriented comparision Marko Political Sciences Aristotle‘s system of classification Who governs (empirical) Legitimate Corrupt forms (normative) One person A few people The majority Monarchy Aristocracy Polity Tyranny Oligarchy Democracy (negative/positive assessment) Marko Political Sciences AUTOCRATIC REGIMES Representative Parliamentary legislative supremacy + vote of non-confidence Soviet fusion of powers imperative mandate DEMOCRACY Direct •Dictatorship •Authoritarian •Totalitarian •Assemblies „township“ •Initiative State = Society Presidential strict separation of powers •Referendum Marko Political Sciences • Totalitarianism - 1925: Mussolini „Stato totalitario“ - 1957 C.J.Friedrich/ Z. Brzezinski -- State ideology -- One party monopoly -- Terrorist secret police -- Monopoly on information -- Monopoly on weapons -- Centrally planned economy Marko Political Sciences • Transition to Democracy - Phases -- Liberalisation -- Revolution -- Consolidation - Areas: Politics - Economics - Culture (simultaneous) - Sustainability: -- Constitutions and Institutions -- Representative structures: parties, interest organisations -- Political culture: Media, education system - SEE: Failed states, reconstruction and reconciliation Marko Majority - Consensus Government Majority Government Competition Majority Rule Winner takes it all Consensus Governm. Compromise Power Sharing Proportionality Principles Majority vote system Single Party Cabinet Gov : Opposition: Alternative Gov Two Party System Homogeneous Institutional Mechanisms Prop.Repr.+ Mutual Veto All-parties Cabinet „Grand Coalition“ Party Systems Societal Structure Multi-Party System Marko Divided Cleavages: religious social ethnic Political Sciences International Relations • Actors - States - Peoples (liberation movements) - International Organisations - INGOs - TNCs - Individuals • Processes: Conflict - Cooperation - Integration Marko Political Sciences • Principles and Problems - States: -- Sovereign equality -- Prohibition of use of force -- Non-intervention - Peoples: -- Self-determination versus Sovereignty: Territorial integrity: Secession ? - Human and Minority Rights -- Humanitarian Intervention ? Marko Political Sciences • Structures - 1945 - 1989: Bi-polar -- East-West-Conflict: 2 Superpowers and military and economic blocs -- North-South-Conflict -- Cooperation in universal and regional organisations: UN, IMF, Worldbank, GATT; CoE, CSCE, EFTA -- European Integration Marko Political Sciences • Structures - 1989 - : Asymmetric multi-polar: -- US - EU, Russia, China, Japan, India -- War and Peace: Civil wars Humanitarian Intervention, International Terrorism -- Development: UN-Millenium goals -- Environment Marko Political Sciences • Trends - Peace: From peace-keeping to peace-making and post-conflict peace-building: „Empire lite“: BiH, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Iraq - Economy: -- Globalisation -- Under-development: Aid, growth, sustainable development - Constitutionalisation: UN-Reform, ICTY, ICC Marko Political Sciences European Integration • Historical background: WW II, Marshall-Plan, East-West - conflict: Soviet bloc: COMECON 1949 • Economic Integration: Supranationalism and re-action - 1952: European Coal and Steel Community - 1958: European Economic Community (EEC) EURATOM - 1960: EFTA Marko Political Sciences • Widening: - 1963: Association agreement with Turkey - 1973: - 1981: - 1986: - 1995: - 2004: GB, Denmark, Ireland Greece Portugal and Spain Austria, Finland, Sweden Eastern Enlargement (10 countries) • Left-overs: - Eastern Balkans (Bulgaria, Romania) - Western Balkans (Croatia, BiH, S+M, FYROM, Albania) - Turkey: The eternal candidate ? • New Neighbourhood policy: East and South Marko Political Sciences • Deepening and Constitutionalisation: - 1968: Customs Union fully operational - 1986: Single European Act: Single Market until 1992 - 1993: Maastricht Treaty -- European Union -- Economic and Monetary Union until 2002 -- Three-Pillar-Structure: EU, CFSP, JHA - 1997: Amsterdam Treaty - 2000: Nice Treaty: Charta of Fundamental Rights - 2004: Constitution-Treaty: Ratification failure Marko Political Sciences • Theories of European Integration - Federalism - Neo-functionalism - Inter-governmentalism - Supra-nationalism - Multi-level governance Marko Political Sciences Finalité Federalism Neo-functionalism Inter-govermentalism Federal state Open Actors States Invisible hand Process Big bang Functional + territorial spill over Intergovermental negotiations Incremental integration Continous negotiations at all levels Structure Subsidiarity Supra-national Institutions priority Member states and intergovermental regime Mix Pooling of sovereignty =Strengthening of MS Open Member state executives Supranationalism MLG Member state +transnational society • EU-Institutions • MS-Executives None • Sub-national • Societal • No hierarchy Pluralist: • No centre Marko Political Sciences • MLG – EU is no „state“ ? (Federalism) – EU is no „market“ – EU is not reduced to intergovernmental negotiations Political Sciences • MLG - no longer state centered, but actor oriented: - main concern of analysis: decision-making process, not why does European integration happen Political Sciences • MLG - from „government“ to „governance“: focus no longer on law-based institutions and hierarchies, but on informal networks and processes - from „representative“ to „participatory“ democracy Political Sciences • MLG - EU-law approach and „Governance approach compared: EU-law: direct effect, supremacy; MS is „black box“; loss of competences compensated through institutional participation; explanation in terms of separation of powers model (vertical, horizontal) Political Sciences • MLG - European Governance (White Book 2001): - EU closer to the citizens - more efficiency - re-inforce democracy - consolidate legitimacy Political Sciences • MLG – Principles: Subsidiarity, Proportionality, Participation; – Methods: • Mainstreaming; • Regulatory Impact Assessment; Open Method of Co-ordination; • Geographical decentralisation involving regional/local players in designing and applying European standards and policies Political Sciences • MLG – Geographical decentralisation through • Systematic dialogue with associations of local authorities • Target-based agreements and contracts between Commission and regions • Creating a framework for transnational and interregional co-operation among regional and local actors